How To Use Et Al In Letter

Many writers confuse e g and i e and many type et al improperly or do not properly recognize what words it represents.

How to use et al in letter. As such the first citation should spell out all their names and any subsequent citation can include et al. On the subsequent citations for three four or five authors. It does take a period after the second word even when it falls in the middle of a sentence. Many people do not know the meaning of et al so using it will confuse readers. The abbreviation e g is from the latin exempli gratia and means literally for example periods come after each letter and a.

As usual but also include lowercase letters after the year 2010a 2010b etc to tell the references apart. For more information and examples on citing references in text see chapter 6 of our sixth edition publication manual pp. After the first author. For example when referring to a scientific research paper the authors may be cited as goodman et al meaning the paper was by goodman and some other researchers. Any time you have more than two authors the potential for using et al.

It can sound unnatural when read aloud so an unabbreviated english equivalent is often better in less formal writing. Does not need to be italicized in normal use. With in text citation is there. Is found in essays research papers and legal writings. Is an abbreviation of the latin phrase et alia which means and others et al.

The most common use of et al. In general et al. Notes and bibliography and author date style. In apa 7 for a work with three or more authors list the first author and et al for all citations including the first citation unless doing so would create ambiguity. Namely use et al.

The use of et al is the same in both styles. Note that this rule has changed from apa 6 guidelines on using et al which recommend listing all author names in the first citation up to five authors but then. For sources with one two or three authors list all author names in your in text citations whether footnotes or author date. Chicago style has two systems of citation. Dear and hello are warm positive words et al the abbreviation of et alii is about as friendly as a flu shot they don t fit well together.